Making Environmental Law in Asia More Effective: Participant’s Report of a Regional Workshop (1996)

This workshop brought together invited professionals from throughout Asia and North America with a wide range of environmental management perspectives (e.g. , ministries, regulatory agencies, the courts, private industry, voluntary organizations, academia and practicing lawyers). Our purpose was to consider how environmental laws in Asia may be designed to more effectively meet local conditions. While … Read More.

Natural Resource Subsidies, Trade and Environment: The Case of Forests and Fisheries (1996) (G. Porter)

As tariffs have been reduced by successive multilateral trade liberalization agreements, subsidies have emerged as a major issue in international trade policy. And as environmental concerns have been linked with trade issues, it has increasingly been recognized that subsidies can have significant environmental implications. In the past year, the issue of subsidies and the environment … Read More.

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: An Environmental Progress Report, Executive Summary (A CIEL Critique of EBRD’s Environmental Policies) (November, 1995)

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is the first multilateral development bank to have an explicit environmental mandate in its charter. The charter states that the Bank is to “promote in the full range of its activities environmentally sound and sustainable development.” It also proclaims commitments to democracy and democratic institutions, rule of … Read More.

Chilean Accession to the North American Free Trade Agreement, Testimony of Robert Housman Before Ways and Means Committee, Trade Subcommittee, of the U.S. House of Representatives (June 21, 1995) (Housman)

Chairman Crane, members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to appear before you today on Chilean accession to the North American Free Trade Agreement {NAFTA). My name is Robert Housman, I am a Senior Attorney with the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL) in Washington, D.C.. Brennan Van Dyke and David Hunter, both … Read More.

CITES and The Precautionary Principle: The Burden to Show that a Use is Sustainable (Humane Society of the United States, 1995) (Wold) [BW95-1]

Logging, illegal logging, unsustainable logging, timber, timber regulation, palm oil, illegal timber, biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats, living resources, wildlife, fisheries, forests, conservation, species, endangered species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, mahogany, development, sustainable development,

The New Listing Criteria Proposed by the Standing Committee Violate CITES and are Inconsistent with the Theory of Sustainable Use (Humane Society of the United States, 1995) (Wold) [BW95-2]

Logging, illegal logging, unsustainable logging, timber, timber regulation, palm oil, illegal timber, biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats, living resources, wildlife, fisheries, forests, conservation, species, endangered species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, mahogany, development, sustainable development,

The Relationship of CITES to the ITTA (International Tropical Timber Agreement) and ICCAT (International Convention for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna) (Humane Society of the United States, 1995) (Wold) [BW95-3]

Trade, investment, human rights, trade, investment & human rights, trade investment and human rights, sustainable development, unsustainable development, investment law, unsustainable investment, trade agreement, free trade agreement, free trade, bilateral trade agreements, BTA, MTA, FTA, multilateral trade agreements, host-government agreements, biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats, living resources, wildlife, fisheries, forests, conservation, species, endangered species, Convention on International … Read More.

The Relationship between the Trade Measures of CITES and the Provisions of GATT (Humane Society of the United States, 1995) (Wold) [BW95-4]

forest, people, ecosystems, protecting forest people & ecosystems, protecting forest people and ecosystems, indigenous peoples, forest peoples, forest ecosystems, sustainable development, livelihoods, mitigation, forest conservation, deforestation, Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation, REDD+, governance, forest governance, benefits, lands, territories, resources, rights-based approach, Free, Prior and Informed Consent, FPIC, prior art, traditional knowledge, timber, logging, … Read More.

Balancing Acts: Community-Based Forest Management and National Law in Seven Asian and Pacific Countries (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 1995) (Lynch & Talbott)

Logging, illegal logging, unsustainable logging, timber, timber regulation, palm oil, illegal timber, protecting, rights-based approach, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNDRIP, Forest Defender, redress mechanism, safeguards, non-carbon benefits, resources rights, land rights, community rights, indigenous rights, forest dependent, Asia

The Use of Trade Measures in Select Multilateral Environmental Agreements (United Nations Environment Programme, 1995) (Housman, Goldberg, Van Dyke, & Zaelke, eds.) [TE95-1]

One of the most contentious issues at the UN Conference on Environment and Development was the Convention on the Protection of Biological Diversity. The goal of the Convention is to foster protection of biological resources, particularly· those found in tropical forests. Plants, animals, and derivatives of plants and animals are to be preserved, with particular … Read More.

Democratizing International Trade Decision-making, 27 Cornell Law Journal 699 (1995) (Housman) [TE95-2]

While international trade agreements can provide a number of important economic and other benefits, from a democracy perspective, the continued strengthening of undemocratic international trade decision- making is troubling. Failures to democratize trade decision-making are troubling because these failures squander an important opportunity to further the recognition of democratic principles in undemocratic nations. These democratic … Read More.

A Comparison of Six Environmental Impact Assessment Regimes: The United States, Romania, Bulgaria, The Czech Republic, Slovakia, The European Community, The World Bank, The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (1995) (Goldberg) [EU95-1]

On Jan 1, 1970 the U.S. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) was signed into law. NEPA’s principal, and most innovative, feature was its requirement that an environmental impact assessment (EIA) be prepared for every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the quality of the human environment. Since … Read More.

The World Bank’s New Inspection Panel (November 1994) (Hunter & Udall)

This summer, the World Bank took an unprecedented step. It became the first international financial institution to make itself directly accountable to citizens in borrowing countries. As of 1 August-the date the bank’s new inspection panel assumed its duties-affected parties can ask the panel to investigate their claims that the bank has failed to follow … Read More.

The World Bank’s New Inspection Panel and the Need to Create an International Framework Agreement for Administrative Procedures, Testimony of Durwood Zaelke and David Hunter Before the Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy (June 21, 1994) (Zaelke & Hunter) [IF94-2]

World Bank, World Bank Group, Bank, World Bank accountability mechanisms, Lessons Learned, World Bank safeguard policies, International Finance Corporation, IFC, Multilateral International Guarantee Agency, MIGA, BRICs, Compliance Advisor Ombudsman, CAO, P4R, Program-For-Results, Country Systems, financial intermediaries, International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, IBRD, International Development Association, IDA, International Monetary Fund, IMF, accountability mechanism, independent accountability … Read More.

GATT Tuna-Dolphin II: Environmental Protection Continues to Clash with Free Trade, CIEL Brief No. 2 (June, 1994) (Goldberg) [TE94-1]

Trade, investment, human rights, trade, investment & human rights, trade investment and human rights, sustainable development, unsustainable development, investment law, unsustainable investment, trade agreement, free trade agreement, free trade, bilateral trade agreements, BTA, MTA, FTA, multilateral trade agreements, host-government agreements, tuna, dolphins, environmental protection, marine, ocean, oceans, sea, seas, United Nations Convention on the Law … Read More.

Common Problems, Uncommon Solutions (Baguio, Philippines: Proceedings from the NGO Policy Workshop on Strategies for Effectively Promoting Community-Based Management of Tropical Forest Resources: Lessons from Asia & Other Regions, May 19-23, 1994) (Berdan & Pasimio, eds.) [LC4-1]

Logging, illegal logging, unsustainable logging, timber, timber regulation, palm oil, illegal timber, protecting, rights-based approach, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNDRIP, Forest Defender, redress mechanism, safeguards, non-carbon benefits, resources rights, land rights, community rights, indigenous rights, forest dependent, Philippines

Helping the Global Environmental Facility Achieve its Mission, Testimony of the Center for International Environmental Law before the U.S. House of Representatives Subcommittee on International Development, Trade and Monetary Policy (April 14, 1994) (Goldberg) [CC94-2]

The Global Environmental Facility is at a turning point. The pilot phase is nearly behind us. Almost two years of restructuring negotiations and an independent evaluation have identified a need for fundamental changes. But the GEF’s mission-to help developing countries address global environmental problems-remains unchanged. Indeed, it is more important than ever that the GEF … Read More.

The World Bank’s New Inspection Panel: Will It Increase the Bank’s Accountability?, CIEL Brief No. 1 (Apr. 1994) (Hunter & Udall) [IF94-1]

On September 21, 1993, the Executive Directors of the World Bank took unprecedented action in creating an independent inspection panel to address complaints related to Bank projects and the Bank’s failure to follow its own rules. For the first time in the Bank’s 50-year history, citizens, associations, and nongovernmental organizations harmed by Bank funded developments … Read More.

Promoting Environmental Standards Through Trade and Other Legal Mechanisms, Testimony of Durwood Zaelke Before the Subcommittee on International Development, Finance, Trade and Monetary Policy (March 23, 1994) (Zaelke)

Chairman Frank, members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to testify today on the issue of environmental standards and trade. My name is Durwood Zaelke. I am the President of the Center for International Environmental Law (CIEL), as well as an Adjunct Law Professor at the American University, Washington College of Law, where … Read More.

Environmental Ramifications of the Final Agreement of the Uruguay Round of GATT, Testimony of the Center for International Environmental Law on Behalf of the Sierra Club and Defenders of Wildlife before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation (February 3, 1994) (Housman) [TE94-4]

Chairman Kerry, Members of the Subcommittee, thank you for the opportunity to testify before you concerning the environmental ramifications of the Final Agreement (the Final Agreement or the Agreement)1 of the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (the GATT).2 My name is Robert Housman. I am a Staff Attorney with the … Read More.

A Proposal to Introduce the Right to a Healthy Environment into the European Convention Regime, 13 Virginia Environmental Law Journal 101 (1994) (Van Dyke) [HR94-1]

The notion that human beings have a right to a healthy environment is far more controversial in Europe than it ought to be. Fundamental human rights, those recognized in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention or Convention)1 as well as in other leading international texts on human … Read More.

Tenurial Rights and Community-based Conservation, in Natural Connections: Perspectives in Community-based Conservation (Island Press, 1994) (Lynch & Alcorn) [LC94-2]

A growing number of conservationists have concluded that secure property rights are essential elements for community-based conservation (CBC) Initiatives (Brown and Wyckoff-Baird 1992). According to at least one analyst, it is more important for conservationists to promote recognition or establishment of appropriate property rights in buffer zones and conservation areas than to establish appropriate vegetation … Read More.

The North American Free Trade Agreement’s Lessons for Reconciling Trade and the Environment, 30 Stanford Journal of International Law 379 (1994) (Housman)

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) creates a free trade zone that stretches from the Yukon to the Yucatan, encompassing Mexico, Canada and the United States. The NAFTA has been touted as creating a US$6 trillion market made up of some 360 million consumers — the world’s largest. While these numbers were the primary … Read More.

Joint Implementation Under the Climate Convention: Promises and Problems (Prepared for the White House Conference on Global Climate Change) (Summer 1993) (Goldberg) [CC93-3]

The term joint implementation was coined during the negotiation of the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) to refer to a strategy for meeting greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction commitments undertaken by one country through actions in another. Since only developed countries and countries with economies in transition have specific obligations to reduce GHG emissions … Read More.

The Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund: A Model for the Framework Convention on Climate Change, 16 International Environmental Report, 6 (1993) (Goldberg) (Available from the Bureau of National Affairs) [CC93-4]

At the just concluded seventh session of the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee for a Framework Convention on Climate Change, delegates for the first time took up the details of the financial mechanism called for in Article 11 of the Convention. While little progress was made in elaborating these details, certain preferences were clear: Developed countries want … Read More.

Protecting Sensitive Aquatic Habitats in the Gulf of Aqaba, in Protecting the Gulf of Aqaba: A Regional Environmental Challenge (Environmental Law Institute, 1993) (Hewison & Oran) [CC93-6]

The Gulf of Aqaba contains a variety of outstanding and unique sensitive aquatic habitats, including extensive rocky outcroppings, shallow coastal lagoons, mangrove thickets, and world-renowned coral reefs. Each of these habitats in turn supports a multitude of species. When marine protected areas (MPAs) were created in the past, the founders often failed to comprehend how … Read More.

Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions: A Combined Strategy Using Fees, Permits, and Country Commitments, 3 Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum (1993) (Goldberg) [CC93-7]

This article proposes a strategy for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in industrial countries, limiting the growth of emissions in developing countries, and reducing or eliminating deforestation. By combining the most useful elements of country commitments, international emissions fees, and international marketable permits, these three goals may be achieved. Part I of this article describes … Read More.

Freedom for the Seas in the Twenty-first Century: Ocean Governance and Environmental Harmony (Island Press, 1993) (Van Dyke, Zaelke & Hewison, eds.) (Co-Winner of the 1994 Sprout Award for best book on international environmental affairs) [Available from Island Press]

Seas, oceans, biodiversity, unsustainable development, investment law, unsustainable investment, trade, fish, fishing, fisheries, biodiversity, ecosystems, habitats, living resources, wildlife, fisheries, forests, conservation, species, endangered species, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, mahogany,

Environmental and Economic Policies Affecting United States Competitiveness, Testimony of the Center for International Environmental Law before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation (May 18, 1993) (Housman) [TE93-3]

The topic of today’s hearing-issues affecting United States competitiveness in a global economy-is a most timely one. Consider that the Clinton Administration has recently requested an extension of fast-track negotiating authority to complete the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), and that the United States is also involved in negotiations … Read More.

New Diplomacy for the Biodiversity Trade: Biodiversity, Biotechnology, and Intellectual Property in the Convention on Biological Diversity, 4 Touro Journal of Transnational Law 1 (1993) (Downes) [BW93-1]

Negotiations on the Convention on Biological Diversity signed by over 150 nations in Rio de Janeiro in June 1992 often revolved around the allocation of perceived economic benefits from biotechnological exploitation of biodiversity, sometimes to the neglect of the overall agenda of conservation of nature. The debate centered on what can be called the international … Read More.

As the World Burns: Negotiating the Framework Convention on Climate Change, 5 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 2 (1993) (Goldberg) [CC93-1]

  Of all the items on the Earth Summit agenda, none has received more public attention than global warming. Many scientists and policymakers believe that, with the possible exception of loss of the ozone layer, no environmental threat has ever had such serious implications for our planet. The world community has responded to scientists’ dire … Read More.

The Global Environment Facility: Green Fund or Green Folly? (1993) (Goldberg)

In recognition of the need for new financial resources to be brought to bear to meet such global environmental threats as global warming, ozone depletion, loss of biodiversity, and pollution of international waters, the French government, with the support of Germany, proposed a Global Environmental Facility (GEF) in September 1989. In November 1990 the GEF … Read More.

Enforcement of Environmental Laws Under a Supplemental Agreement to the North American Free Trade Agreement, 5 Georgetown International Environmental Law Review 593 (1993) (Housman & Orbuch) [TE93-4]

Enforcement of environmental laws is one of the key issues in the debate over the relationship between trade and environment in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Without uniformly strong enforcement in all three NAFTA nations, there is the potential for increased migration of “dirty” industries to nations with lax enforcement, and for increased … Read More.

Integrating Labor and Environmental Concerns Into the North American Free Trade Agreement: A Look Back and a Look Ahead, (CIEL, 1993) (Housman & Orbuch)

The central obligation of international trade law is non-discrimination. For example, under the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, commonly known as the GATT, nations are required to treat foreign products as favorably as they treat domestic products.  Article 24 of the GATT, however, allows nations who have formed free trade areas to favor the … Read More.

Interbasin Water Transfers After NAFTA (1993) (Hunter & Orbuch)

As demand for fresh water escalates in the southwestern United States and Mexico, Canada’s water resources may be drained, if proponents of interbasin water transfers have their way. Continent-wide water transfer proposals, initiated by engineers in the 1960s, are being revisited as possible solutions to water scarcity in the desert southwest. Continuing development in the … Read More.

Making Trade and Environmental Policies Mutually Reinforcing: Forging Competitive Sustainability, (1993) (Housman & Zaelke)

Former U.S. Ambassador to the General Agreement on Tariffs & Trade Michael Smith astutely noted that the environment is the trade issue of the 1990s, and that, unless a considered solution is developed to allow constructive interaction between trade and the environment, each of these vital policy spheres may find themselves compromised. Put in “Smithese,” … Read More.

Open Borders, Broken Promises, Privatization and Foreign Investment: Protecting the Environment Through Contractual Clauses (Greenpeace, 1993) (Hunter and Downes) [EU93-1]

Foreign investment is of enormous potential benefit toa counny Iike ·Poland, which has insufficient domestic capital to finance its needs. Foreign banks and corporations can provide capital for improving infrastructure (transport systems. communications. industrial plant. and so on), establishing clean production facilities. providing employment and protecting the environment. However, foreign investtnent also carries the risk … Read More.

Concepts and Principles of International Environmental Law: An Introduction (United Nations Environmental Programme, 1993) (Hunter, Sommer & Vaughan) [EL93-1]

This paper identifies and introduces the emerging principles, standards and other forms of soft law that form an increasingly comprehensive set of principles for guiding international society toward sustainable development. Although states may currently differ on the legal status of specific principles discussed in this paper (i.e., whether a principle is on the continuum of … Read More.

An Earth Parliament for Indigenous People: Investigating Alternative World Governance, 4 Col. Journal of International Environmental Law & Policy 197 (1993) (Wold) [IP93-1]

The problems facing the indigenous peoples of the world today are tied to domestic and international politics, as well as to the often conflicting hopes and desires of the indigenous peoples themselves. On the first day of the Global Forum, the unofficial summit of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) held parallel to the United Nations Conference on … Read More.

Provisions of the Montreal Protocol Affecting Trade

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer1 provides for the phase-out, by the year 2000, of CFCs and other chemicals damaging to the ozone layer.2 These chemicals are widely used in a number of industries–as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing substances, aerosols, and fire extinguishers. The phaseout of these substances has serious trade … Read More.

Promoting Sustainable Development and Democracy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Role of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, (1992) (Wold & Zaelke)

To bankroll the rebirth of Central and Eastern Europe, forty countries and two European Community institutions joined together on May 29, 1990, to create the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the Bank or EBRD). The parties envisioned the Bank as playing a decisive role in solving three major problems that have relegated Central and … Read More.

Establishing an Independent Review Board at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development: A Model for Improving MDB Decision-making, 2 Duke Environmental Law & Policy Forum 59 (1992) (Wold & Zaelke) [IF92-2]

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (“EBRD”l was created in 1990 by multilateral agreement for the nations of Central and Eastern Europe, to ease the transition from centrally dominated economies to private market systems. As the newest multilateral development bank (“MOB”), the EBRD presents a great opportunity to challenge existing lending practices of MOBs … Read More.

Trade, Environment, and Sustainable Development: A Primer, 15 Hastings International & Comparative Law Review 535 (1992) (Housman & Zaelke) [TE92-1]

Even with the most optimistic projections of technological advancement, current growth trends in population and the economy almost certainly cannot be sustained. Still more troubling is that the scale of today’s development already appears to be overextending the ecosystem that sustains us all. “Further growth beyond the present scale,” according to World Bank senior economist … Read More.

A Kantian Approach to Trade and the Environment, 49 Washington & Law Law Review 1373 (1992) (Housman) [TE92-3]

At the outset let me note that I am delighted to see someone of Professor Richard Stewart’s caliber taking aim at the trade and the environment debate. Professor Stewart’s article entitled International Trade and Environment: Lessons From the Federal Experience presents an interesting and informative discussion of how legal principles developed in the federal-type systems … Read More.

Sustainable Development (Patent Pending): International Issues in Intellectual Property Rights and Their Environmental Impact (1992) (Heller) [TE92-4]

One of the most contentious issues at the UN Conference on Environment and Development was the Convention on the Protection of Biological Diversity. The goal of the Convention is to foster protection of biological resources, particularly· those found in tropical forests. Plants, animals, and derivatives of plants and animals are to be preserved, with particular … Read More.

A Survey of United States Laws Restricting the Export of Controlled and Hazardous Substances (1992) (Goldberg) [TE92-5]

This paper describes the United States legal and regulatory regimes for the export of various controlled and hazardous substances, including drugs, pesticides, chemicals, radioactive materials, and hazardous wastes. These substances are controlled by a variety of statutes: drugs by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA), pesticides by the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act … Read More.

Frictions Between International Trade Agreements and Environmental Protections (The Greening of World Trade, 1992) (Zaelke, Housman & Stanley) [TE92-6]

The underlying goal of free trade policy is to allow markets to allocate resources to their most efficient uses, while the general goal of environmental policy is to manage efficiently and maintain the earth’s resources. Where the same resources are the subject of both trade efforts to allocate and environmental efforts to manage efficiently and … Read More.

Sustainable Living: Seeking Instructions for the Future: Indigenous People’s Traditions and Environmental Protection, 3 Touro Journal of Transnational Law 141 (1992) (Housman)

As shrinking resource reserves require industrialization to push deeper into areas that have in the past been insulated from development, all around the world the last remaining indigenous societies are falling prey. Confronted with this human tragedy, environmentalists are finally taking action, joining the ranks of the human rights advocates who have been struggling to … Read More.

The Muted Voice: Women and Sustainable Development, (1992) (Housman)

Women make up about half of the world’s population and contribute over two-thirds of all the labor hours worked by the human race. Throughout the world, women are the primary providers of child care, as well as suppliers for themselves and their families of many of the necessities for day to day life. Increasingly, women … Read More.

Toward Global Citizenship in International Environmental Law, 28 Willamette Law Review 3 (1992) (Hunter) [IP92-3]

This essay briefly explores some of the current trends in international society with an eye towards developing a sense of global citizenship–of environmental rights and responsibilities. Part II of the essay discusses the apparent inability of the international legal system to respond adequately to global environmental challenges. Part III suggests that the failure of the … Read More.

Environmental Reforms in Post-Communist Central Europe: From High Hopes to Hard Reality, 13 Michigan Journal of International Law 921 (1992) (Hunter & Bowman) [EU92-1]

The revolutions that swept through Central and Eastern Europe2 in 1989 and 1990 opened the Iron Curtain only to reveal a devastating environmental legacy — a legacy left from forty years of an authoritarian, centrally planned political and economic system. By now, the details of the environmental situation in Central and Eastern Europe have been … Read More.

Sustainable Development and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (March 1991)

The economic policies of the former Central and Eastern European countries serve as a stark reminder that environmental protection cannot be sacrificed (or severely degraded) for immediate economic goals. Unemployment in many regions is the direct result of factory closings initiated because they could not operate efficiently without massive government subsidies. Estimates of health care … Read More.

Provisions of the Montreal Protocol Affecting Trade (January 1991)

The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer provides for the phase-out, by the year 2000, of CFCs and other chemicals damaging to the ozone layer. These chemicals are widely used in a number of industries–as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing substances, aerosols, and fire extinguishers. The phaseout of these substances has serious trade … Read More.

Global Warming and Climate Change: An Overview of the International Legal Process, 5 American University Journal of International Law & Policy 249 (Winter 1990) (Zaelke & Cameron); reprinted in 22 Land Use & Environmental Law Review (1991); reprinted in Italian in Futuro Sostenible: Effetto Serra 36 (1991) [CC91-1]

Climate, climate change, two degrees, global warming, fossil fuel, emissions, mitigation, energy, energy efficiency, clean energy, dirty energy, climate change denialism, climate change liability, climate change responsibility, climate impacts, emissions, CO2 emissions, greenhouse gas, greenhouse gasses, GHG, industrial greenhouse gas emissions, pollution, anthropocene, renewable energy, displacement, deforestation, arctic, arctic peoples, sea-level rise, inundation, island, island … Read More.

Technological Cooperation and the Montreal Protocol Multilateral Fund, with Technological Cooperation and the Global Environment Facility (1991) (Goldberg) [CC91-2]

In September 1987 the Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed. The Protocol provided for the partial phaseout of substances which deplete the ozone layer, the Earth’s essential ultraviolet radiation filter. In June 1990, prompted by a growing awareness that a partial phaseout would not be adequate, the parties agreed to … Read More.

Legal Responses to the Philippine Deforestation Crisis, 20 Journal of International Law and Politics, New York University (1988) (Lynch) [LC88-1]

protecting, rights-based approach, United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, UNDRIP, Forest Defender, redress mechanism, safeguards, non-carbon benefits, resources rights, land rights, community rights, indigenous rights, forest dependent, forest, people, ecosystems, protecting forest people & ecosystems, protecting forest people and ecosystems, indigenous peoples, forest peoples, forest ecosystems, sustainable development, livelihoods, mitigation, forest conservation, … Read More.

Indigenous Rights in Insular Southeast Asia, in Ruth Tasswell, ed., Southeast Asian Tribal Groups and Ethnic Minorities: Prospects for the Eighties and Beyond (Cambridge, MA: Cultural Survival, 1987) (Lynch) [LC87-1]

Environmental democracy, access rights, Principle 10, Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, right to information, right to consultation, consultation, consent, decision-making, right to remedy, right to redress, Free Prior and Informed Consent FPIC, community rights, resilient, communities, resilient communities, adaptation, mitigation, relocation, rising sea levels, sea level rise, arctic, melting ice, melting permafrost, underwater, cultural … Read More.